What is Regression Testing ?

Regression testing retests previously tested segments to ensure that they still function properly after a change has been made to another part of the application.

What are the objectives of regression testing ?

Regression testing involves assurance that all aspects of an application system remain functional after testing. The introduction of change is the cause of problems in previously tested segments. The objectives of regression testing include:

1. Determine whether systems documentation remains current
2. Determine that system test data and test conditions remain current
3. Determine that previously tested system functions perform properly after changes are introduced into the application system.

How to Use Regression Testing ?

Regression testing is retesting unchanged segments of the application system. It normally involves rerunning tests that have been previously executed to ensure that the same results can be achieved currently as were achieved when the segment was last tested. While the process is simple in that the test transactions have been prepared and the results known, unless the process is automated it can be a very time-consuming and tedious operation. It is also one in which the cost/benefit needs to be carefully evaluated or large amounts of effort can be expended with minimal payback.

What are Regression Test Examples ?

1. Rerunning of previously conducted tests to ensure that the unchanged system segments function properly.
2. Reviewing previously prepared manual procedures to ensure that they remain correct after changes have been made to the application system.
3. Obtaining a printout from the data dictionary to ensure that the documentation for data elements that have been changed is correct.

When to Use Regression Testing ?

Regression testing should be used when there is a high risk that new changes may affect unchanged areas of the application system. In the developmental process, regression testing should occur after a predetermined number of changes are incorporated into the application system.
In maintenance, regression testing should be conducted if the potential loss that could occur due to affecting an unchanged portion is very high. The determination as to whether to conduct regression testing should be based upon the significance of the loss that could occur due to improperly tested applications.

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UNIT TESTING PART ONE

UNIT TESTING PART TWO

UNIT TESTING PART THREE

GUI TESTING

WINDOWS COMPLIANCE GUI TESTING PART ONE

WINDOWS COMPLIANCE GUI TESTING PART TWO

WINDOWS COMPLIANCE GUI TESTING PART THREE

WINDOWS COMPLIANCE GUI TESTING PART FOUR VALIDATION TESTING

WINDOWS COMPLIANCE GUI TESTING PART FIVE CONDITION TESTING

WINDOWS COMPLIANCE GUI TESTING PART SIX GENERAL CONDITION TESTING

Continue and do-while In C Language

When continue is encountered inside any loop, control automatically passes to the beginning of the loop. A continue is usually associated with an if.

Example :

main( )

{

int i, j ;

for ( i = 1 ; i <= 2 ; i++ ) { for ( j = 1 ; j <= 2 ; j++ ) { if ( i == j ) continue ; printf ( "\n%d %d\n", i, j ) ; } } } The output of the above program would be... 1 2 2 1 The continue statement takes the control to the for loop (inner) bypassing rest of the statements pending execution in the for loop (inner). The do-while Loop

The do-while loop looks like this:

do
{
this ;
and this ;
and this ;
and this ;
} while ( this condition is true ) ;

The difference between the working of while and do-while loops. This difference is the place where the condition is tested. The while tests the condition before executing any of the statements within the while loop. As against this, the do-while tests the condition after having executed the statements within the loop.

This means that do-while would execute its statements at least once, even if the condition fails for the first time. The while, on the other hand will not execute its statements if the condition fails for the first time.
The previous post of the blog deals with Requirements testing technique.

UNIT TESTING

UNIT TESTING PART ONE

UNIT TESTING PART TWO

UNIT TESTING PART THREE

GUI TESTING

WINDOWS COMPLIANCE GUI TESTING PART ONE

WINDOWS COMPLIANCE GUI TESTING PART TWO

WINDOWS COMPLIANCE GUI TESTING PART THREE

WINDOWS COMPLIANCE GUI TESTING PART FOUR VALIDATION TESTING

WINDOWS COMPLIANCE GUI TESTING PART FIVE CONDITION TESTING

WINDOWS COMPLIANCE GUI TESTING PART SIX GENERAL CONDITION TESTING

What is Requirements Testing Technique

Functional system testing ensures that the system requirements and specifications are achieved. The process normally involves creating test conditions for use in evaluating the correctness of the application.

Requirements testing must verify that the system can perform its function correctly and that the correctness can be sustained over a continuous period of time. Unless the system can function correctly over an extended period of time, management will not be able to rely upon the system. The system can be tested for correctness throughout the life cycle, but it is difficult to test the reliability until the program becomes operational.

What are the objectives of Requirements Testing Technique ?

Successfully implementing user requirements is only one aspect of requirements testing. The responsible user is normally only one of many groups having an interest in the application system. The objectives that need to be addressed in requirements testing are:

1. Implement user requirements
2. Maintain correctness over extended processing periods
3. Ensure that application processing complies with the organization’s policies and procedures

Secondary user needs have been included, such as:

1. Security officer
2. Database administrator
3. Internal auditors
4. Records retention
5. Comptroller
6. System processes accounting information in accordance with generally accepted accounting procedures.
7. Application systems process information in accordance with governmental regulations.

How to Use Requirements Testing ?

Requirements’ testing is primarily performed through the creation of test conditions and functional checklists. Test conditions are generalized during requirements, and become more specific as the SDLC progresses, leading to the creation of test data for use in evaluating the implemented application system.

Functional testing is more effective when the test conditions are created directly from user requirements. When test conditions are created from the system documentation, defects in that documentation will not be detected through testing. When the test conditions are created from other than the system documentation, defects introduced into the documentation will be detected.

Where to use Requirements Testing Technique ?

1. Creating a test matrix to prove that the systems requirements as documented are the requirements desired by the user.
2. Using a checklist prepared specifically for the application to verify the application’s compliance to organizational policies and governmental regulations.
3. Determining that the system meets the requirements established by the organization’s department of internal auditors.

When to Use Requirements Testing ?

Every application should be requirements tested. The process should begin in the requirements phase, and continue through every phase of the life cycle into operations and maintenance. It is not a question as to whether requirements must be tested but, rather, the extent and methods used in requirements testing.(134.1)

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WINDOWS COMPLIANCE GUI TESTING PART FOUR VALIDATION TESTING

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Security Testing Technique

Security is a protection system that is needed for both secure confidential information and for competitive purposes to assure third parties their data will be protected. The amount of security provided will be dependent upon the risks associated with compromise or loss of information.

Protecting the confidentiality of the information is designed to protect the resources of the organization.However, information such as customer lists or improper disclosure of customer information may result in a loss of customer business to competitors. Security testing is designed to evaluate the adequacy of the protective procedures and countermeasures.

What are the Objectives of Security Testing ?

Security defects do not become as obvious as other types of defects. Therefore, the objectives of security testing are to identify defects that are very difficult to identify. Even failures in the security system operation may not be detected, resulting in a loss or compromise of information without the knowledge of that loss. The security testing objectives include:

1. Determine that adequate attention is devoted to identifying security risks
2. Determine that a realistic definition and enforcement of access to the system is implemented
3. Determine that sufficient expertise exists to perform adequate security testing
4. Conduct reasonable tests to ensure that the implemented security measures function properly

How to Use Security Testing Techniques ?

Security testing is a highly specialized part of the test process. Most organizations can evaluate the reasonableness of security procedures to prevent the average perpetrator from penetrating the application. However, the highly skilled perpetrator using sophisticated techniques may use methods undetectable by novices designing security measures and/or testing those measures.

The first step in testing is the identification of the security risks and the potential loss associated with those risks. If either the loss is low or the penetration method mere routine, the information technology personnel can conduct the necessary tests. On the other hand, if either the risks are very high or the technology that might be used is sophisticated, specialized help should be acquired in conducting the security tests.

Where do we use security testing ?

Security testing involves a wide spectrum of conditions. Testing can first be divided into physical and logical security. Physical deals with the penetration by people in order to physically gather information, while logical security deals with the use of computer processing and/or communication capabilities to improperly access information. Second, access control can be divided by type of perpetrator, such as employee, consultant, cleaning or service personnel, as well as categories of employees. The type of test conducted will vary upon the condition being tested and can include:

1. Determination that the resources being protected are identified, and access is defined for each resource. Program or individual can define access.
2. Evaluation as to whether the designed security procedures have been properly implemented and function in accordance with the specifications.
3. Unauthorized access can be attempted in online systems to ensure that the system can identify and prevent access by unauthorized sources.

When to Use Security Testing ?

Security testing should be used when the information and/or assets protected by the application system are of significant value to the organization. The testing should be performed both prior to the system going into an operational status and after the system is placed into an operational status. The extent of testing should depend on the security risks, and the individual assigned to conduct the test should be selected based on the estimated sophistication that might be used to penetrate security.

(132.2)

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Compliance Software Testing Technique

Compliance testing verifies that the application was developed in accordance with information technology standards, procedures, and guidelines. The methodologies are used to increase the probability of success, to enable the transfer of people in and out of the project with minimal cost, and to increase the maintainability of the application system.

The type of testing conducted varies on the phase of the systems development life cycle. However, it may be more important to compliance test adherence to the process during requirements than at
later stages in the life cycle because it is difficult to correct applications when requirements are not adequately documented.

What is the objective of Compliance testing ?

Compliance testing is performed to both ensure compliance to the methodology and to encourage and help the information technology professional comply with the methodology.

Specific compliance objectives include:

1. Determine that systems development and maintenance methodologies are followed.
2. Ensure compliance to departmental standards, procedures, and guidelines.
3. Evaluate the completeness and reasonableness of application system documentation.

How to Use Compliance Testing ?

Compliance testing requires that the prepared document or program is compared to the standards for that particular program or document. A colleague would be the most appropriate person to do this comparison. The most effective method of compliance testing is the inspection process.

Examples

A peer group of programmers would be assembled to test line-by-line that a computer program is compliant with programming standards. At the end of the peer review, the programmer would be given a list of non compliant information that would need to be corrected.

When to Use Compliance Testing ?

Compliance to information technology application system development standards and procedures is dependent upon management’s desire to have the procedures followed and the standards enforced. Therefore, if management really wants compliance they should perform sufficient tests to determine both the degree of compliance with the methodology and to identify violators for management action.

However, lack of compliance should also be used from the perspective that the standards may be misunderstood, not adequately instructed or publicized, or may, in fact, be poor standards inhibiting the development of application systems. In these instances, it may be desirable to change the methodology.

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(132.2)

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Software Testing Operations Technique

Operations’ testing is designed to verify prior to production that the operating procedures and staff can properly execute the application.

Objectives of operations testing technique :

Operations’ testing is primarily designed to determine whether the system is executable during normal systems operations. The specific objectives include:

1. Determine the completeness of computer operator documentation
2. Ensure that the necessary support mechanisms, such as job control language, are prepared and function properly
3. Evaluate the completeness of operator training
4. Test to ensure that operators using prepared documentation can, in fact, operate the system.

The way of using operations testing :

Operations’ testing evaluates both the process and the execution of the process. During the requirements phase, operational requirements can be evaluated to determine the reasonableness and completeness of those requirements. During the design phase, the operating procedures should be designed and thus can be evaluated. This continual definition of the operating procedures should be subjected to continual testing.

The execution of operations testing can normally be performed in conjunction with other tests. However, if operations’ testing is included, the operators should not be prompted or helped by outside parties during the test process. The test needs to be executed as if it was part of normal computer operations in order to adequately evaluate the effectiveness of computer operators in running the application in a true-to-life operations environment.

Example :

1. Determining that the operator instructions have been prepared and documented in accordance with other operations instructions, and that computer operators have been trained in any unusual procedures.
2. Testing that the job control language statements and other operating systems support features perform the predetermined tasks.
3. Verifying that the file labeling and protection procedures function properly.

When operations testing shall be used ?

Operations’ testing should occur prior to placing any application into a production status. If the application is to be tested in a production-type setting, operations testing can piggyback that process at a very minimal cost. It is as important to identify an operations flaw as it is an application flaw prior to placing the application into production.

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Recovery Testing Technique

Recovery is the ability to restart operations after the integrity of the application has been lost. The process normally involves reverting to a point where the integrity of the system is known, and then reprocessing transactions up until the point of failure.

The time required to recover operations is affected by the number of restart points, the volume of applications run on the computer center, the training and skill of the people conducting the recovery operation, and the tools available for recovery. The importance of recovery will vary from application to application.

Objectives :

Recovery testing is used to ensure that operations can be continued after a disaster. Recovery testing not only verifies the recovery process, but also the effectiveness of the component parts of that process. Specific objectives of recovery testing include:

1. Preserve adequate backup data
2. Store backup data in a secure location
3. Document recovery procedures
4. Assign and train recovery personnel
5. Develop recovery tools and make available

How to Use Recovery Testing ?

Recovery testing can be conducted in two modes. First, the procedures, methods, tools, and techniques can be assessed to evaluate whether they appear adequate; and second, after the system has been developed, a failure can be introduced into the system and the ability to recover tested. Both types of recovery testing are important. The implementation of the technique is different depending upon which type of recovery testing is being performed.

Evaluating the procedures and documentation is a process using primarily judgment and checklists. On the other hand, the actual recovery test may involve off-site facilities and alternate processing locations.

Testing the procedures is normally done by skilled systems analysts, professional testers, or management personnel. On the other hand, testing the actual recovery procedures should be performed by computer operators and other clerical personnel, who would be involved had there been an actual disaster instead of a test disaster.

A simulated disaster is usually performed on one aspect of the application system. For example, the test may be designed to determine whether people using the system can continue processing and recover computer operations after computer operations cease.

While several aspects of recovery need to be tested, it is better to test one segment at a time rather than induce multiple failures at a single time. When multiple failures are induced, and problems are encountered, it may be more difficult to pinpoint the cause of the problem than when only a single failure is induced.

When to Use Recovery Testing ?

Recovery testing should be performed whenever the user of the application states that the continuity of operation of the application is essential to the proper functioning of the user area. The user should estimate the potential loss associated with inability to recover operations over various time spans; for example, the inability to recover within five minutes, one hour, eight hours, and a week. The amount of the potential loss should both determine the amount of resource to be put into disaster planning as well as recovery testing.(128.4)

CONDITION TESTING

TESTING CONDITIONS PART ONE

TESTING CONDITIONS PART TWO

TESTING CONDITIONS PART THREE

TESTING CONDITIONS PART FOUR

SPECIFIC FIELD TESTING

USABILITY TESTING

INTEGRATION TESTING

INTEGRATION TESTING PART ONE

INTEGRATION TESTING PART TWO

INTEGRATION TESTING PART THREE

INTEGRATION TESTING PART FOUR

INTEGRATION TESTING PART FIVE

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INTEGRATION TEST STANDARDS PART TWO

Software Testing Execution Testing Technique

Execution testing determines whether the system achieves the desired level of proficiency in a production status. Execution testing can verify response times, turnaround times, as well as design performance. The execution of a system can be tested in whole or in part, using the actual system or a simulated model of a system.

Objectives

Execution testing is used to determine whether the system can meet the specific performance criteria. The objectives of execution testing include:

1. Determine the performance of the system structure.
2. Verify the optimum use of hardware and software.
3. Determine the response time to online user requests.
4. Determine transaction processing turnaround time.

How to Use ?

Execution testing can be conducted in any phase of the system development life cycle. The testing can evaluate a single aspect of the system, for example, a critical routine in the system, or the ability of the proposed structure to satisfy performance criteria. Execution testing can be performed in any of the following manners:

1. Using hardware and software monitors
2. Simulating the functioning of all or part of the system using a simulation model
3. Creating a quick and dirty program(s) to evaluate the approximate performance of a completed system

Execution testing may be executed on-site or off-site for the performance of the test. For example, execution testing can be performed on hardware and software before being acquired, or may be done after the application system has been completed. The earlier the technique is used, the higher the assurance that the completed application will meet the performance criteria.

Examples of the use of execution testing :

1. Calculating turnaround time on transactions processed through the application.
2. Determining that the hardware and software selected provide the optimum processing capability.
3. Using software monitors to determine that the program code is effectively used.

When to Use Execution Testing ?

Execution testing should be used early in the developmental process. While there is value in knowing that the completed application does not meet performance criteria, if that assessment is not known until the system is operational, it may be too late or too costly to make the necessary modifications. Therefore, execution testing should be used at that point in time when the results can be used to affect or change the system structure.(127.1)

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